2019德国联邦园艺博览会木质展亭 / ICD

ICD：BUGA木質展亭向人們展示了數字化木構建築的新技術。它的分段木質外殼，是斯圖加特大學計算設計與建造研究所(ICD)和建築結構與結構設計研究所(ITKE)基於海膽板骨架中發現的生物學原理，對其進行了近十年研究的成果。其開發出的機器人製造平台作為該項目的一部分，用於自動組裝和銑削展館的376個定制空心木片，這一製造過程可確保所有的片段像一個巨大的三維拼圖一樣以亞毫米的精度裝配在一起。這個令人讚嘆的木屋頂橫跨BUGA的一個主要活動和音樂會場地30米，它通過使用最少的材料，創造了一個獨特的建築空間。

ICD：The BUGA Wood Pavilion celebrates a new approach to digital timber construction. Its segmented wood shell is based on biological principles found in the plate skeleton of sea urchins, which have been studied by the Institute for Computational Design and Construction (ICD) and the Institute for Building Structures and Structural Design (ITKE) at the University of Stuttgart for almost a decade. As part of the project, a robotic manufacturing platform was developed for the automated assembly and milling of the pavilion's 376 bespoke hollow wood segments. This fabrication process ensures that all segments fit together with sub-millimetre precision like a big, three-dimensional puzzle. The stunning wooden roof spans 30 meters over one of BUGA's main event and concert venues, using a minimum amount of material while also generating a unique architectural space.

BUGA木質展亭：一種新穎的結構和建築空間

該展廳的預製外殼木段由兩名工匠在10個工作日內組裝完成，這次的組裝過程不像往常一樣需要大量腳手架或模板，我們只需要用可拆卸的螺栓連接所有木段，為了防水再將一層EPDM橡膠箔分成8個條段覆蓋在展館上，再以未經處理的落葉松外牆板作為展館的外部覆層，所有的這些建築元素都是為了能夠在不同的場地上進行拆卸和重複使用而設計的。

BUGA Wood Pavilion: A novel structure and architectural space

The prefabricated shell segments were assembled in only 10 working days by a team of two craftsmen, without the usually required extensive scaffolding or formwork. After connecting all segments with removable bolts, a layer of EPDM foil was rolled over the pavilion in 8 strips to provide waterproofing. Untreated larch facade plates provide the external cladding of the pavilion. All building elements are designed for disassembly and reuse on a different site.

雖然展館的承重木殼有30米的無柱跨度，但其重量只有38公斤/ m²，儘管跨度增加了三倍，規模增加了五倍，但這仍低於LAGA展覽館的基準。 BUGA木質展館將傳統木工技術和高科技機器人製造方法結合在一起，展示了高效、經濟、生態和富有表現力的木結構建築的可能性，這個木構建築就坐落在園區內的大師工藝、數字創新和科學研究分區的交匯處。

The pavilion's loadbearing wood shell achieves a column-free span of 30 meters, but weighs only 38kg/m². This is less than the LAGA exhibition hall benchmark, despite a threefold increase in span and a fivefold increase in size. Drawing a line from traditional carpentry to high-tech robotic fabrication methods, the BUGA Wood Pavilion showcases the possibilities for efficient, economical, ecological and expressive wood architecture that arises at the intersection of master craft, digital innovation and scientific research.

BUGA木製展亭位於BUGA夏季島嶼的波浪狀景觀的中央十字路口。三個動態的拱門分別在三個主要方向形成極具吸引力的入口，引導遊客進入展館內部。當在展館內舉辦音樂會和公共活動時，建築外表面光滑的彎曲空間，可提供非常好的音響效果，並營造出一種獨特的建築氛圍，尤其是在晚上，數千盞LED燈鑲嵌在展館內部的開口中，照亮空間，並使遊客們沐浴在微妙、溫暖的迎賓光線中。

The BUGA Wood Pavilion is located at a central crossroad within the wavy landscape of the BUGA summer island. Three dynamic arches form inviting openings in the main directions and guide visitors into the pavilion's interior. Hosting concerts and public events, the shell creates a smoothly- curved space that provides very good acoustics and generates a unique architectural atmosphere. This is especially true at night, when thousands of LED lights embedded in the shells inner openings light up and bathe the pavilion's interior in subtle, warm and welcoming light.

▼夜晚的展廳 The Pavilion in night

仿生輕質結構：分段木質外殼

BUGA木質展亭為海爾布隆2019年聯邦園藝展的中央夏季島嶼提供了一個建築景點。展館的設計基於海膽板骨架的形態學原理。繼同一個項目團隊在Schwaebisch Gmuend研究的LAGA展覽館之後，BUGA木製展館的研究目標是將仿生分段木殼的建築清晰度和結構性能推向一個新的高度：每平方米以與LAGA項目相同的少量木材，是否有可能建造一個跨度達到其三倍的木質外殼？這個結構能否保持完全可重用，以便在BUGA之後可以部署在不同的場地上而不會損失任何性能?

無論是整體外殼，還是其單獨的部分，為了實現這一目標，展館都在仿生原理的基礎上，通過“更多的形式”來達到使用“更少的材料”的目的。為了最大限度地減少材料消耗和重量，每個木段由兩塊薄板組成，兩塊薄板支撐著木段頂部和底部一圈邊緣梁，形成大型的多邊形空心木盒。包括一個大開口的底板，構成了一個獨特的建築特徵，並在組裝過程中提供了通向隱藏連接的通道。輕質建築元素通過遵循海膽板邊緣解剖特徵的形態學原理的指形接頭連接。在組裝狀態下，建築外殼通過其富有表現力的雙曲線幾何結構作為一個形式活躍的結構。

Biomimetic Lightweight Construction: Segmented Wood Shells

The BUGA Wood pavilion provides an architectural attraction at the central summer island of the Bundesgartenschau 2019 in Heilbronn. The design of the pavilion is based on morphological principles of the plate skeleton of sea urchins. Following the precursor research building of the same project team, the LAGA Exhibition Hall in Schwaebisch Gmuend, the research goal of the BUGA Wood Pavilion is pushing the architectural articulation and structural performance of biomimetic segmented wood shells onto a new level: With the same small amount of wood per square meter as in the LAGA project, is it possible to build a shell that reaches triple the span? And can this structure remain fully reusable, so that it can be deployed on a different site after the BUGA without any loss of performance?

To achieve this goal, the pavilion builds on the biomimetic principle of using “less material” by having “more form”, both on the level of the overall shell and its individual segments. In order to minimize material consumption and weight, each wood segment is built up from two thin plates that plank a ring of edge-beams on top and bottom, forming large scale hollow wooden cases with polygonal forms. The bottom plate includes a large opening, which constitutes a distinctive architectural feature and provides access to the hidden connections during assembly. The lightweight building elements are connected by finger joints, which follow the morphological principles of anatomic features found on the edge of sea urchins' plates. In the assembled state, the shell works as a form-active structure through its expressive doubly -curved geometry.

▼展廳細節 The Pavilion detail

▼展廳施工過程 The Pavilion Construction Process

機器人預製：自動化裝配與高精度加工相結合

團隊建設的LAGA展覽館中使用的板材與實木板材相比，其中空的建築部分雖然明顯減輕了建築的重量和材料，但它們卻將建築部件的數量增加到了原來的八倍，導致製造過程變得更加複雜，因此，為了追求更高的資源效率，我們需要與自動化機器人製造的外殼部分的施工速度齊頭並進，為此，斯圖加特大學ICD和德國BEC有限公司共同研發了一種新型可移動運輸的14軸機器人木材製造平台用於生產，該平台位於工業合作夥伴MuellerBlaustein Holzbauwerke GmbH有限公司。該平台包括兩個安裝在20英尺標準容器底座上的高載荷工業機器人，我們通過工業機器人的靈活性將展館各個部分的預製步驟集成在一個緊湊的製造單元中。

Robotic Prefabrication: Combining Automated Assembly with High-Precision Machining

Compared to a solid wood plate, as for example used in the team's LAGA Exhibition Hall, the hollow building segments significantly reduce weight and material, but they increase the number of building parts eightfold and lead to more complex manufacturing. Thus, striving for higher resource efficiency needs to go hand in hand with automated robotic manufacturing of the shell segments. For this, a novel, transportable, 14-axes robotic timber-manufacturing platform was developed by ICD University of Stuttgart and BEC GmbH, and located at the industrial partner MuellerBlaustein Holzbauwerke GmbH for production. The platform includes two high-payload industrial robots mounted on a 20-foot standard container base. The flexibility of industrial robots allows the integration of all pre-fabrication steps of the pavilion's segments within one compact manufacturing unit.

▼機器製造 Robotic Fabrication

在生產過程中的每一個定制外殼都是自動組裝的，這些都需要通過用山毛櫸釘臨時固定放置的預格式化的木板和梁，並控制板和橫梁之間的結構膠連接，在第二個步驟中，複雜的指形接頭和開口以300μm的精度加工成片段。從樑和板的組裝，到多工具加工和感官處理以及基於圖像的質量控制——一切都是完全自動化的，都是由從計算設計框架直接導出的200萬條定制機器人代碼行控制的。平均每段裝配時間為8分鐘，而高精度銑削則需要20-40分鐘。

During production, each bespoke shell segment is robotically assembled. This entails the placement of preformatted timber plates and beams, their temporary fixation with beech nails, and the controlled application for the structural glue joint between plate and beam. In a second step, the intricate finger-joints and openings are machined into the segments with 300μm accuracy. From the assembly of beams and plates, to multi-tool machining and sensorial process- and image based quality control – everything happens in a fully automated workflow, controlled by 2 million custom lines of robotic code that were directly exported from the computational design framework. On average, the assembly time per segment is 8 minutes, with the high precision-milling taking another 20-40 minutes.

▼現場組裝 Assembly On Site

集成設計：反饋驅動設計，工程和製造開發

新的建築模式需要新的設計和製造方式來支持。 BUGA木質展館是在合作設計的模式下構思的，通過跨學科團隊中不斷的計算反饋，探索設計、工程和製造方面的新可能性。在這個項目中，由項目組開發的協同設計算法根據建築設計意圖和結構要求生成展館各個元素的形狀，而所有機器人製造方面都是直接嵌入和協商的。展館的設計與機器人製造設備的設計同步進行並相互反饋，這是該項目的定制開發。

這種高度一體化的工藝能夠設計和製造有17000個不同的指形接頭的376個獨特板段，以滿足從整體的結構規模到亞毫米的細節的多方面設計標準。在不損失精度的情況下，這種多尺度方法允許同時處理建築和結構方面的因素，儘管該項目具有開創性，儘管從投產到開放僅有短得令人難以置信的13個月的開發時間，但綜合計算過程仍然可以保證對每個建築元素進行細緻入微的精密設計。

Integrative (Co)Design: Feedback-driven Design, Engineering and Fabrication Development

New ways of building require new ways of designing and manufacturing. The BUGA Wood pavilion was conceived under the paradigm of Co-Design, where novel possibilities in design, engineering and fabrication are explored through continuous computational feedback within an interdisciplinary team. In this project, the co-design algorithms developed by the project team generate the shape of each element of the pavilion according to architectural design intent and structural requirements, while all robotic fabrication aspects are directly embedded and negotiated. The design of the pavilion happens concurrently and in feedback with the design of the robotic manufacturing set-up, which is a bespoke development for the project.

The highly integrative process enables the design and engineering of 376 unique plate segments with 17 000 different finger joints in response to multifaceted design criteria, from the scale of the overall structure down to sub-millimetre details. Without any loss of precision, this multi- scale approach allows addressing architectural and structural considerations concurrently. Despite the pioneering character of the project, and despite an incredible short development time of only 13 months from commission to the opening, the integrative computational process allows for the careful design of each building element in minute detail.

▼片匣製造過程 Cassette Process

BUGA木質展館坐落於2019年德國聯邦園藝博覽會的夏季島嶼中。巴登-符騰堡州部長級總統已於2019年4月17日宣布該展覽開幕。其數字木質建築系統和結構的研究，也將在斯圖加特大學“建築綜合計算設計與施工”新卓越集群的背景下繼續開展進一步的研究。

The BUGA Wood Pavilion is located on the Summer Island of the Bundesgartenschau 2019. It had opened on 17th of April 2019 by the Minister President of the State of Baden-Wuerttemberg. The research on digital wood building systems and structures will be further pursued in the context of the new Cluster of Excellence “Integrative Computational Design and Construction for Architecture” at the University of Stuttgart.

項目數據

尺寸：
長寬高：32×25×7米，佔地面積：500平方米，殼體面積：600平方米，承重木結構重量：368kg /m2

建設系統:
結構外殼：採用機器人製造的中空結構、多角形雲杉單板層壓板箱體段，表面塗覆EPDM防水層、三軸cnc切割三層制天然落葉松木板

項目合作夥伴

ICD — 斯圖加特大學計算設計與建造研究所
團隊成員：Prof. Achim Menges, Martin Alvarez, Monika Göbel, Abel Groenewolt, Oliver
David Krieg, Ondrej Kyjanek, Hans Jakob Wagner

ITKE — 斯圖加特大學建築結構與結構設計研究所
團隊成員：Prof. Jan Knippers, Lotte Aldinger, Simon Bechert, Daniel Sonntag

Müllerblaustein Bauwerke GmbH, Blaustein
團隊成員：Reinhold Müller, Daniel Müller, Bernd Schmid

BEC GmbH, Reutlingen
團隊成員：Matthias Buck, Zied Bhiri

2019德國聯邦園藝展
團隊成員：Hanspeter Faas, Oliver Toellner

項目建設許可流程
Landesstelle für Bautechnik：Dr. Stefan Brendler und Dipl.-Ing. Willy Weidner
屋頂工程：Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hugo Rieger
斯圖加特MPA：Dr. Simon Aicher

項目支持
State of Baden-Wuerttemberg University of Stuttgart, EFRE European Union GETTYLAB, DFG German Research Foundation, Carlisle Construction Materials GmbH Puren GmbH, Hera Gmbh & co.KG, Beck Fastener Group, Schmalz, Niemes Dosiertechnik, Jowat Adhesives, Raithle Präzisionswerkzeuge & Service Leuze electronic, Metsä Wood Deutschland GmbH

Project Data

Dimensions:
32 x 25 x 7 m (LxWxH), Coverd Area: 500m2, Shell Area: 600m2, Weight of load- bearing wood structure: 36,8kg/m2

Construction System:
Structural Shell: robotically fabricated hollow, polygonal wood case segments of spruce laminated veneer lumber with UV-protection coating, Cladding: E​​PDM-water proofing, 3-Axis CNC-cut natural larch 3-ply wood plates

Project Partners

ICD – Institute for Computational Design and Construction, University of Stuttgart
Team member: Prof. Achim Menges, Martin Alvarez, Monika Göbel, Abel Groenewolt, Oliver David Krieg, Ondrej Kyjanek, Hans Jakob Wagner

ITKE – Institute of Building Structures and Structural Design, University of Stuttgart
Team member: Prof. Jan Knippers, Lotte Aldinger, Simon Bechert, Daniel Sonntag

Müllerblaustein Bauwerke GmbH, Blaustein
Team member: Reinhold Müller, Daniel Müller, Bernd Schmid

BEC GmbH, Reutlingen
Team member: Matthias Buck, Zied Bhiri

Bundesgartenschau Heilbronn 2019 GmbH
Team member: Hanspeter Faas, Oliver Toellner

Project Building Permit Process
Landesstelle für Bautechnik: Dr. Stefan Brendler und Dipl.-Ing. Willy Weidner
Proof Engineer: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hugo Rieger
MPA Stuttgart: Dr. Simon Aicher

Project Support
State of Baden-Wuerttemberg University of Stuttgart, EFRE European Union GETTYLAB, DFG German Research Foundation, Carlisle Construction Materials GmbH Puren GmbH, Hera Gmbh & co.KG, Beck Fastener Group, Schmalz, Niemes Dosiertechnik, Jowat Adhesives, Raithle Präzisionswerkzeuge & Service Leuze electronic, Metsä Wood Deutschland GmbH

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